Soudní novinky 15-39 (Brazilská soudní dobrodružství)

Pracovní týden v Berkeley přispěl ke spíše okleštěné podobně novinek (update: nakonec ani ne):

• Brazil bans corporations from political donations amid corruption scandal ("The supreme court declares rules allowing companies to donate to election campaigns – which totaled around $200m last year – were unconstitutional" (..) "Rosa Weber, one of the judges who ruled in favour of the ban, argued that undue economic influence comprised the legitimacy of the country’s elections. “The influence of economic power has ended up transforming the electoral process into a rigged political game, a despicable pantomime which makes the voter a puppet, simultaneously undermining citizenship, democracy and popular sovereignty.")

• Canada court rules women may wear veils during citizenship oath.
• Trocha bulváru: Britain CAN ditch European human rights laws, says top judge ("Britain could ditch European human rights laws because there are 'serious' social differences between the UK and countries on the continent, a top judge said yesterday. Supreme Court justice Jonathan Sumption said we should be able to adopt alternative legislation based on our own traditions and history. His comments were seen as an endorsement of Tory plans to replace the Human Rights Act with a new British Bill of Rights.")
• Dobrá zpráva... "The song "Happy Birthday To You" belongs in the public domain, a federal court judge in Los Angeles has ruled, meaning that the company collecting royalties from it no longer owns a valid copyright on the song. Up until now, Warner Chappell Music, a division of the Warner Music Group, has charged people for use of the song. It acquired the copyright—originally filed by the Clayton F Summy Co in 1935 —in 1988, according to the BBC. Until now it could not be sung on TV or radio, in films and other public performances without producers having to pay a fee."
• A je to (skoro) tu! Zatím pouze stanovisko AG: "According to Advocate General Bot, the Commission decision finding that the protection of personal data in the United States is adequate does not prevent national authorities from suspending the transfer of the data of European Facebook subscribers to servers located in the United States. The Advocate General considers furthermore that the Commission decision is invalid." Komentář Stevea Peerse zde.
• Jeffu Fisherovi ze Stanfordu se nelíbí, že američtí nejvyšší soudcové rozhodují o tom, které případy rozhodnou meritorně, zcela bez odůvodnění a za zavřenými dveřmi. Ocenil by aspoň výsledky hlasování a hlasy jednotlivých soudců (The Supreme Court’s Secret Power).
• No potěš... EU court strikes down Brussels' language regime. 
• Velké věci předvádí brazilský nejvyšší soud také v kauzách ohledně vězeňského systému: (Vanice Regina Lirio do Valle: An Unconstitutional State of Affairs in the Brazilian Prison System) "The failure of the prison system in Brazil is self-evident, and this matter has recently been brought before the Supreme Federal Court through several lawsuits, each treating different aspects of the State’s wrongful management of the issue. The Supreme Court has already decided that the Judiciary could order the Executive branch to proceed in renovating prison infrastructure so as to better accommodate the ever growing incarcerated population, despite the lack of existing budgetary provision (RG RExt 592591/RS, Justice Rapporteur Ricardo Lewandowsky). In another lawsuit, the Court is deciding whether the State can be held accountable for moral damages to inmates that are incarcerated in prisons in conditions below those necessary to preserve basic human dignity (RG RExt 580252/MS, Justice Rapporteur Teori Zavascky). The Supreme Court has also proclaimed that the Brazilian government must comply with international treaties that grant an arrested person the right to be presented before a judge no more than 24 hours after detention (ADI 5240/SP, Justice Rapporteur Luiz Fux)."

Soudní novinky 15-38 (SDEU cítí tlak doby)

Regionálně diverzifikovaný výběr:

• Brazilian Supreme Court Seriously Considering Decriminalizing Weed, All Illegal Drugs.
• Rwanda's Supreme Court on Wednesday agreed to hear a case challenging a change to the constitution that would allow President Paul Kagame to run for a third seven-year term.
• Adam Liptak: Justice Breyer Sees Value in a Global View of Law. "In a new book, Supreme Court Justice Stephen G. Breyer addresses the influence of foreign law and practices on American judicial decisions."
• EUObs: EU court curbs welfare rights "The Court of Justice in Luxembourg, on Tuesday (15 September), said host countries can stop welfare payments to people from other EU states even if they’ve spent some time working in the host country. It said if they’ve worked for less than one year, but then stop work and stop looking for work, their benefits can be stopped after six months. They can also be deported, but only after authorities assess their individual circumstances and conclude that they’re not seeking a job and have become “an unreasonable burden”."
• A trocha soudních zajímavostí z Ruska: "Something odd happened in a Moscow court on Thursday: four people were acquitted. Just how odd was this? Last year, Russian judges acquitted only four out of every thousand defendants that appeared before them. The lucky anomalies were two men and two women, aged between twenty-six and thirty-four, all of them urban skydiving enthusiasts. The court also sentenced a twenty-three-year-old roof climber to two years and three months behind bars."
• Draft text on Investment Protection and Investment Court System in the Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership (TTIP).

SDEU byl aktivní, ale vzhledem k pracovní cestě do USA není čas to překlápět sem.

EK informuje

Evropská komise

Zastoupení v České republice

Tisková zpráva

Evropská komise nenavrhla omezit strukturální fondy

Praha 15. září 2015

Zastoupení Evropské komise v Praze tímto uvádí na pravou míru informace, které se dnes objevily v médiích o tom, že předseda Evropské komise Jean-Claude Juncker údajně navrhl omezit vyplácení prostředků ze strukturálních fondů těm členským zemím EU, jež odmítají návrh Evropské komise na rozdělování uprchlíků.

Předseda Evropské komise Jean-Claude Juncker toto nikdy nenavrhl, ani tak nezamýšlí učinit.

Takové opatření není možné ani právně, neboť Dohody o partnerství ani Operační programy pro současné období neobsahují právní základ, který by podobné opatření umožňoval provést.

Jinými slovy, není právně možné omezit evropské strukturální a investiční fondy v případě, že členský stát odmítá relokační mechanismus, navrhovaný Evropskou komisí.

Takové opatření by vyžadovalo změnu tzv. víceletého finančního rámce, a o tom Evropská komise v tuto chvíli neuvažuje.

3 % syrských uprchlíků

Soudní novinky 15-37 (byznys, byznys)

Minulý týden se na soudní svět valily zajímavé zprávy o sporech mezi obchodními společnostmi a lidskoprávními požadavky.

• Potenciálně velký případ: Supreme Court of Canada rules Ecuador villagers can go ahead with US$9.5-billion legal case against Chevron. "In Friday’s ruling, the court flatly rejected Chevron’s arguments. “[T]he approach favoured by Chevron is sound neither in law nor in policy,” Justice Gascon wrote." Na první pohled to vypadá pro Chevron bledě, ale je nutno zdůraznit, že se jednalo "pouze" o procesní spor, o meritu se bude teprve rozhodovat.
• Zajímavá věc ze Španělska, kde už má protibyznysová mobilizace nějakou tradici: Dispute at Coke Bottling Plant Could Signal Labor Challenges for E.U.. "The dispute at this factory dates from January 2014, when Coca-Cola Iberian announced it would close four of its 11 Spanish factories, including Fuenlabrada. The company said the plants were operating at about half of production capacity. The original plan called for the company to lay off 1,190 of its nearly 4,600 workers in Spain. After street protests and strikes, the company said it would reduce the job cuts to 840 workers. Unions nonetheless took the company to court — and won. In June 2014, Spain’s national court found that the company had not adequately informed workers of its layoff plans and had illegally circumvented their right to strike by using alternative production and distribution channels. The company appealed to the Spanish Supreme Court, losing again. In April, the Supreme Court ordered Coca-Cola Iberian to rehire any employee who did not accept the company’s layoff package, worth an average 135,000 euros per dismissed worker, according to the Spanish bottler. About 300 workers, including the 220 holdouts in Fuenlabrada, are now hoping that the lower Spanish national court will grant them the right not only to resume work, but also to return to the same jobs that they previously held — namely, bottling Coke and the company’s other beverages. Legal experts said that it would be unprecedented for a court to force a company to produce a specific product against its will. But the Coca-Cola brand name is being “used as a symbol” by disgruntled workers as part of their broader fight against multinational capitalism, according to Román Gil Alburquerque, another partner at the Sagardoy law firm."
• Delhi High Court allows full term service and pension benefits to women in Indian Navy.
• V Turecku se soudy nebojí rozdávání zajímavých trestů. Policista, který slzným sprejem bez varování rozháněl protestní shromáždění, nepůjde do vězení, ale musí zasadit 600 stromů a půl roku se o ně starat. 
• Opravdu čtivý a zajímavý textík: Nazi Criminals Were Given Rorschach Tests at Nuremberg. 
• Tohle vypadá na důležitý rozsudek  SDEU: Final courts’ obligations to refer questions: the CJEU clarifies CILFIT a zde pro změnu na to samé téma u ESLP (Schipani v. Italy).
• A ukončeme to naštvaným byznysem: Travelling to work 'is work', European court rules ("Time spent travelling to and from first and last appointments by workers without a fixed office should be regarded as working time, the European Court of Justice has ruled.")

441

Prý 441 migrantů ze Sýrie žije v ČR dle údajů Světové banky z roku 2010. Pěkná interaktivní mapa - inward a outward migrace států světa. Teda pokud to dobře chápu.

Čekání na první český kyberútok

S nedávnou výměnou na postu ředitele Úřadu pro ochranu osobních údajů se nabízí otázka: Kdy dojde k prvnímu velkému úniku osobních dat Čechů? Pokud totiž takový kyberútok právě neprobíhá, jistě se jej brzy dočkáme. První český “hack”, tedy velký a úspěšný kyberútok na český cíl.

O obřích kyberútocích na firmy a veřejné instituce v USA i západní Evropě se píše každý měsíc, jen v ČR stále nic. Bude to pojišťovna, internetový obchod nebo automobilka? A nebo hackeři získají všechna daňová přiznání Čechů? Nelze čekat, že se Česku vlna hackerských úspěchů vyhne.

Viz článek na iHNed.

Soudní novinky 15-36 (Krev, pot a skluzy)

Tentokrát vícero zpráv zpoza louže:

• The Economist se ptá: Is it bad to have a bunch of old judges? Ginsburgové je 82, Scaliovi a Kennedymu 79, Breyerovi 77 - je to problém?
• Parádní případ! E. Volokh: Federal government’s allowing Big Mountain Jesus statue on federal land in Montana doesn’t violate the Establishment Clause. ("First, USFS’s decision to renew the statue’s permit reflected a primarily secular purpose. The government identified secular rationales for its continued authorization including the statue’s cultural and historical significance for veterans, Montanans, and tourists; the statue’s inclusion in the National Register of Historic Places; and the government’s intent to preserve the site “as a historic part of the resort.” (..) Although the dissent focuses on the monument’s appearance, that the statue is of a religious figure, and that some of the initial impetus for the statue’s placement was religiously motivated, does not end the matter. (..) (“[T]he Establishment Clause does not compel the government to purge from the public sphere all that in any way partakes of the religious.”").  A tahle slova by se v evropských rozsudcích taky asi jen tak neobjevují: "the flippant interactions of locals and tourists with the statue suggest secular perceptions and uses: decorating it in mardi gras beads, adorning it in ski gear, taking pictures with it, high-fiving it as they ski by, and posing in Facebook pictures".
• Zajímavá věc z Nizozemska: "A court in the Netherlands ruled on Wednesday that a natural gas company, a joint venture by Royal Dutch Shell and Exxon Mobil, must compensate homeowners for declines in the value of their properties because of earthquakes linked to production at the Groningen field. The ruling by the court in Assen could result in billions of euros of claims against the venture, known as NAM. Hundreds of thousands of homes and buildings lie in the affected area, which covers wide parts of the northern Netherlands. (..) The court ruling specified that homeowners need not show that their property had suffered any physical damage, only that its value had been affected by its location in the quake area. It also found that homeowners could request compensation immediately, rather than waiting for a sale."
• Jeffrey Toobin si myslí, že liberálům u Nejvyššího soudu USA už dobře bylo. V poslední době vyhráli velké bitvy (gayové, Obamacare), jenže konzervativci možná vyhrají ty nadcházející (affirmative action, potraty, odbory).
• E. Volokh: Appeals court upholds ban on demonstrations on the Supreme Court plaza ("In United States v. Grace (1983), the Supreme Court itself held that the government can’t broadly restrict speech on the city sidewalk in front of the Supreme Court, just as it generally can’t broadly restrict speech on other sidewalks (which are seen as “traditional public fora”). But the plaza, the D.C. Circuit held, is a “nonpublic forum,” in which reasonable, viewpoint-neutral restrictions are permissible.")
• California Defends Its Review Process in Appeal to Preserve Death Penalty.
• Náboženské přesvědčení vs. rovnost. A na této frontě bude jistě ještě hodně veselo - mohou se otevírat témata jako ženy hodnostářky v církvích apod. Supreme Court Says Kentucky Clerk Must Let Gay Couples Marry.
• "Abortion providers in Texas asked the Supreme Court on Wednesday to reverse an appeals court ruling that would leave the state with 10 abortion clinics, down from more than 40. Should the court agree to hear the case, as appears likely, it could issue its first major abortion ruling since 2007 before its next term ends in June."
• Egypt na cestě do středověku: "Three al-Jazeera journalists convicted in Egypt of "spreading false news" have been sentenced to three years in prison at their retrial in Cairo."
• A zajímavá sportovní kauza z tuzemska: Nejvyšší soud potvrdil trest hokejistovi, který zlomil zuby protihráči ("V roce 2007 Nejvyšší soud průlomově rozhodl, že za hrubý faul a zranění protihráče mohou sportovci v Česku čelit trestnímu stíhání pro ublížení na zdraví a dostat se před soud. Některé závažnější případy totiž nelze řešit jen prostřednictvím pravidel a disciplinárních řízení jednotlivých sportovních svazů. Tehdejší rozhodnutí se týkalo skluzu při fotbale, který způsobil zlomeninu. Nedávno NS řešil také občanskoprávní odpovědnost za škodu způsobenou tvrdým zákrokem při fotbale. Dospěl k závěru, že faulující hráč odpovědnost nese pouze při mimořádných excesech, které intenzivně vybočují z běžného způsobu hry. Také v tomto případě se soud zabýval skluzem. Připomněl, že fotbal je dynamická hra, jejíž pravidla skluzy nevylučují.")
• Obhajoba právní akademičtiny: Cass Sunstein - In Praise of Law Reviews (And Jargon-Filled, Academic Writing).
• EU court actions on asylum to multiply ("The Brussels executive earlier this week sent letters warning member states to comply with the rules or risk facing a panel of judges at the European Court of Justice in Luxembourg.")
• L. Gould se v reakci na návrh známého politického komentátora Billa Kristola (Alito for President!) táže Could a Supreme Court justice be president? Historie ukazuje, že to nemusí být nejlepší nápad. 

Summer vacation is over

Jeb Bush finally hits back hard at Donald Trump